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Please contact us for pricing on Wireless Networking, Routers, Terminal Servers, WAN hardware and switches from Cisco, Extreme Networks, etc. There are too many items for us to list. We carry most brands.

Subnetting:

An IP addresses is a 32-bit number. That means an IP address has 32 placeholders for zero’s or one’s:

11001100101101100001000000000010

These 32-bits can represent 2 to the 32 or 4,294,967,296 unique numbers. IP addresses can be subdivided by periods into four sets of bytes:

11001100.10110110.00010000.00000010

A byte is 8 bits. This means each set of eight numbers can represent 2 to the 8 or 256 unique numbers. All four bytes therefore can yield 256x256x256x256 = 4,294,967,296 addresses. We can convert each binary representation of a byte into its decimal equivalent. This is called dotted quad notation and it’s how we normally write IP addresses:

204.182.16.2

Therefore IP addresses range from:

0.0.0.0 binary or 0.0.0.0 decimal

to:

11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111 binary
or 255.255.255.255 decimal

IP addresses are grouped into networks. The beginning part of an IP address describes a unique network. The ending portion of an IP address describes a unique host. There are three types of networks, called class A, B and C. In a class A network the first byte designates a network and the remaining three bytes describe unique hosts. In a class B the first two bytes describe a network and the last two bytes describe hosts. In a class C the first three bytes describe a network and the last byte describes host. Class A, B and C networks also begin with specific numbers:

Networks:    First Byte:   Network Bytes:   Host Bytes:
Class A      >128          1                 3
Class B      128-191       2                 2
Class C      192-223       3                 1
Reserved     > 223

For example 204.182.16.2 begins with 204 so it is a class C network. Therefore the first three bytes, 204.182.16, describe a unique network and the trailing byte, 2, describes a unique host. We represent this network address as:

204.182.16.0

And we specify that the first three bytes belong to the network portion of the address by using  what’s called a subnet mask:

Class A Subnet Mask: 255.0.0.0
Class B Subnet Mask: 255.255.0.0
Class C Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0

Subnets are normally divided on byte boundaries. For example, the class C network 204.182.16.0 would have a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0:

Network:     204.182.16.0 
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0

If we translate each byte back into bits the subnet mask would look like:

11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

However, the subdivision of a subnet on the byte boundary is completely arbitrary. You can subdivide a network at any bit. For a class C there are eight possible bit-wise subnet division points:

11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000
11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000
11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000
11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111000
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111110
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111

From these data we can calculate the number of networks and the number of hosts per network we get with each bit-wise subnet
division:

Bits:  Subnet:    Subnet:	Number of   Number of IP’s 
      (Binary)   (Decimal	Networks:    per Network:
0	00000000	0	1		256
1	10000000	128	2		128
2	11000000	192	4		64
3	11100000	224	8		32
4	11110000	240	16		16
5	11111000	248	32		8
6	11111100	252	64		4
7	11111110	254	128		2
8	11111111	255	256		1

The first column is the number of bits used for the subnet. This is shown by a binary number in the second column. The third column is just the binary number from the previous column converted into decimal. This number is used as the last part of the subnet mask. Note that addresses ending on network boundaries (multiples of the number of bits used for the subnetting) are reserved for subnetwork address and are therefore not available for host addresses. The last number of each subnet is used as the broadcast address. This means there are two less hosts per network then listed above. Therefore the actual numbers are:

Bits:  Subnet:    Subnet:  Number of   Number of Hosts 
      (Binary)   (Decimal) Networks:    per Network:
0	00000000	0		1		254
1	10000000	128		2 		126
2	11000000	192		4 		62
3	11100000	224		8 		30
4	11110000	240		16 		14
5	11111000	248		32 		6
6	11111100	252		64 		2
7	11111110	254		128 		0
8	11111111	255		256 		0

So for example, say we have a class C license, 204.182.16.0,  and we want to break it into 16 Subnetworks with 14 hosts per
network by using 4-bit subnetting. From the table we can see that we would use a subnet mask of:

204.182.16.240

This would yield 16 networks:

204.182.16.0
204.182.16.16
204.182.16.32
204.182.16.48
204.182.16.64
204.182.16.80
204.182.16.96
204.182.16.112
204.182.16.128
204.182.16.144
204.182.16.160
204.182.16.176
204.182.16.192
204.182.16.208
204.182.16.224
204.182.16.240

In this example, the twelfth subnetwork would be 204.182.16.176. It would have the following addresses:

Network Address 204.182.16.176
Subnet Mask 204.182.16.240
Broadcast Address: 204.182.16.191
Host Addresses:

204.182.16.177 
204.182.16.178 
204.182.16.179 
204.182.16.180 
204.182.16.181 
204.182.16.182 
204.182.16.183 
204.182.16.184 
204.182.16.185 
204.182.16.186
204.182.16.187
204.182.16.188
204.182.16.189
204.182.16.190

We have listed all 16 subnets with a netmask of 255.255.255.240 for the Class C Network 204.182.16.0. This yields 16 subnets with 224 hosts. To view this example click on this link. To divide your class C address into subnetworks you simply have to choose the proper Subnet Mask and Broadcast address and use these in your configuration files.

There are Four types of network back plates.

Combo cards have all three types. These have various names:

1. 100Base-T/High-Speed Twisted Pair/RJ-45:
   • Pro: 100Base-T is the fastest ethernet available and it is the easiest to set up and its very flexible.
   • Cons: 100Base-T requires expensive hubs for more than 2 cards.
   • Uses: 100Base-T is utilized for Graphic and Database intensive networks.
2. 10Base-T/10Base-10/Twisted Pair/RJ-45/:
   • Pro: 10Base-T is the easiest to set up and its very flexible.
   • Cons: 10Base-T requires inexpensive hubs for more than 2 cards.
   • Uses: 10Base-T is the most popular choice for all networks today.
3. BNC/Thin Net/Thin Coax/10Base-5:
   • Pro: BNC cable can run moderate distances
   • Con: BNC needs one repeaters for every thirty machines.
   • Uses: Connects 100/10Base-T networks over longer distances.
4. AUI/Thick Coax/10Base-2: AUI is the 15-pin interface/adapter extending from the vampire tap.
   • Pro: AUI cable can run extremely long distances
   • Con: AUI is hard to work with. It must be cut with a vampire tap and connected to a transceiver.
   • Uses: AUI is used to connect two different BNC or 10Base-T networks in different buildings.

To create an Office LAN (Local Area Network) you'll need:

1. One 8-port 10Base-T or 100Base-T HUB
2. One Twisted Pair or One combo network card for each PC
3. Some twisted pair cable
4. LAN software: Win NT, Windows for Workgroups, Novell or UNIX TCP/IP

For Networking two PCs for home you'll need:

1. Two Twisted Pair or combo network cards
2. One piece of Cross-over twisted pair cable
3. LAN software: Win NT, Windows for Workgroups, Novell or UNIX TCP/IP

Hubs restore, boost and retime packets on your network. Hubs have 8, 12, or 24 10Base-T ports to connect 8, 12 or 24 computers respectively. Hubs have one extra BNC or Transceiver ports to link to other hubs. Hubs can be linked to add more computers. Most people use dumb hubs. Smart hubs are only needed to manage very large and complex networks via SNMP. (Simple Network Management Protocol).

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